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Preventing M

By Sandra Strickland, RN, MSN - Risk Management Consultant

Maintaining patient safety and preventing medical errors are critical issues for healthcare providers. Wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong patient surgery are catastrophic medical errors that continue to occur depsite increased efforts to prevent them. The reduction of such errors, however, can be accomplished through fundamental risk management practices.

The Universal Protocol

In September 2003, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) estimated receiving five to eight new reports of wrong surgery every month. Studies have shown that the majority of wrong-site surgeries occur in orthopedic or podiatric cases. The "American Academy of of Orthopaedic Suregons (AAOS) estimates that an orthopedic surgeon's chance of performing a wrong-site surgery during a 35-year career is one in four." In response, the AAOS has taken the lead in efforts to eliminate wrong-site surgery. At a national summit involving te AAOS, JCAHO, the American Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, the American College of Surgery, and the American Dental Association, a "Universal Protocol" was developed. The four components of the protocol include: a preoperative verification process; "Sign Your Site" - marking the operative area; "Time Out" - reserving time for all surgical team members to ensure all processes are completed and accurate prior to starting a procedure; and compliance with the protocol regardless of the surgical setting. For example, the Universal Protocol would be applicable for an endoscopic procedure performed in a GI Lab, a cataract extraction in an ambulatory surgery facility, an arthroscopy in a private practice or a cardiac cathetrization in a cardiac catheterization lab.

A review of surgical errors has identified that patients with unusual physical characteristics, those undergoing multiple procedures, those with multple surgeons, or those with time pressures to initiate the surgical procedure are at greater risk for surgical error. Other factors that contribute to surgical errors include:

  • Unusual equipment or set-up in the surgical suite,
  • Staffing problems,
  • Distractions,
  • Lack of access to pertinent information,
  • Failure to require adherence to verification processes,
  • Failure to verify and mark operative site,
  • Failure to require a patient assessment, and
  • Human factors, such as communication breakdowns, novice providers, and lack of teamwork.